CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1:- Introduction
First chapter describe about the overview and introduction of my project. The second chapter covers the architecture and structure of next generation networks. Chapter three discuss about the hardware used in CCTV technology specially CCTV cameras. Chapter four discuss about the Introduction of radar technology in CCTV technology, five discuss about the digital video recorders DVRs which are used to record the live images for future references. Chapter six discuss more about installation of CCTV equipment and web connectivity to view live images any where in the world through internet, and chapter seven includes the use & importance of CCTV technology in various field of real life.
Design Lay out Process of Project Study!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.
1.1 Motivation
The main aim of my project is mainly concern about the CCTV technologies in Next Generation, their management and there architecture. As more and more technologies are growing merging into each other. The creations of new services and applications like CCTV added extra features in modern technologies. To Study about all these new concepts, tools and their futures bright perspective and good market trends are the main objective factors, who motivate me to study them.
1.2 Objective
The main objective of this project is to study and investigate about the future tools and applications with that how we manage the CCTV on internet network in better way. In this regard I discuss the detail features for monitoring and management of the complex big networks.
1.3 Intended Audience
This project will provide a good approach to those experts who are managing the big and complex CCTV networks for security related features in modern age.
CHAPTER - 2
CCTV Next Generation Networks
A detailed Overview
2.1: Historical Over View
With respect to technology development especially in the field of CCTV technologies, it is becoming bigger and bigger, and more complex. If we look behind the start of CCTV technologies, there are seems to pass into different phases, the idea behind to get the image by using some electronic equipment. In this regard the effort make in 1926 by Philo Farnsworth and Vlandimir Zworkins who both design camera which has techniques of image pickup and sensing. Later Zworkins design and make it enable to focus an image on end of the tube which was coated with photoelectric cell. This electrical image formed, scanned line by line, by an electron beam which then transmitted to a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). Conversely, the Farnsworths invention for image dissector device used as anode finger to scan the image.[1] So all these efforts make enable to take image and projected on some place. These images formed are expensive as a lot of equipment light source and power is used.
1969 is the year when first time in Bell Laboratories, charge coupled device was demonstrated.[2] Later 1970’s the invention of charged coupled device (CCD) technology create a new revolution and a big cathode ray tubes are replaced by smaller silicon chip which not only reduce the size of camera but also reduced the weight of Camera make it possible to be more handy and economical.[1] It was the time only able to get the black and white image and the size and weight of the camera is also quit more. In 1970 it was only possible to develop a chip of having less then 100 by 100 pixels. [2] This CCD chip consumes less power and also work on less light.
Later with more funding and more efforts add a lot of changes and with the helps of Office of Space Science (OSS) funding make it possible in year 1978 able to develop a 500 by 500 pixel CCD. This effort continue and in the year 1989 able to develop a CCD having 800 by 800 pixel which later in 1990 used in Hubble Space Telescope.[2]
The development and inventions continue and latest good technology is seen to view in the year 1990 when a high speed doom camera was developed which we can look around our self.[3] (3: CCTV Surveillance By Herman Kruegle)
Presently this small chip (CCD) consists of tens of thousands of pixels and has a lot of functions which not only works on low light but new with inventions of infra red technology make it enable to take the image in night.
Pixel is the smallest part of CCD, which receive light from the object in CCTV camera. Pixel is said to be discrete part of an image captured by CCTV. More and more pixels in CCD better the quality of image captured. In past there is only characteristic of pixel, it capture only black and white image and number of pixels on CCD are also very less which result low image quality. In present age the number of pixels in monitor to display images in one square inch is in millions and this one pixel consists of three dots which can be red green or blue in colour monitors.
Fig -1
Supper HAD CCD Sensor Fig-2.
The table above shows the Red, Green and Blue (RGB) layout of CCD
Fig-3.
The years which cover the period of 1990 to 2000, known to be the period of inventions, when new technologies came with respect to hardware and software’s and a lot of development came and open to the public sector. In this regard the invention of silicon chip is said to be the blessing in modern development. Now at present Silicon chip performed a lot of functions. New software developed tools make a lot of changes in modern CCD imaging devices, which process, manipulate and control the CCD equipped devices and performed many functions according to user requirements. These new software’s tools make it possible to save and transfer the image on hard drives over the network and also can transfer to other places in less time. In this regard new data compression technologies can not be ignored. In modern age it is not only possible to take the image from CCD but make it possible to use this technology for saving (recording) the movements of life. These technologies also play a vital role in the field of monitoring especially with respect to security measures. The real time imaging is become more useful and easy to use by merging the CCD capture device signal with internet protocol (IP) technologies. Merging technologies to internet protocol changes it a lot and makes it more useful for security purpose. This technology is widely used in close circuit television (CCTV) which is now become the necessity of every private or public building with respect to security privileges. In this regard new laws, rules and regulations were made with respect to use these technologies.
The introductions of most modern networking equipment and java software technologies make it possible to manage the CCTV equipment remotely over the internet.
The new data compression tools make it possible to get the live streams over the internet, they takes very low bandwidth on the internet get the live streams and latest java versions make it enable to manage. In this regard the DDNS and IP forwarding software technology make it possible to transfer and receive the CCTV captured data over the internet and save it according to our requirements. These technology also give us many more added features like remote management and remote monitoring of various sites on one place.
2.2 What is CCTV MANAGEMENT?
We define the term management as to handle things systematically and methodically in well mannered way. With respect to CCTV data captured there are set of code of practice. There are particular guidelines, principles and every country has there own national standards to keep the security of the captured data or to release any information to a third party according to their some specific need. As the recorded material contain images so there are some codes of practice to use this captured data. Any place where CCTV is capturing data must be clearly declared, and the released of this information to any third party is also associated according to the principle and guidelines. This recorded information is used only for the security and witness purpose and not for any entertainment purpose. The possession of this captured data should also be very clearly mentioned in the code of practice and position and authorities should also be clearly mentions in detail. A time scale check should be carried out to verify the security and availability of captured data.[4]
2.3 Definition of Technology
With the passage of time and trend technology goes to progress. Technology is said to be the application of knowledge and efforts to fulfil the needs or requirements according to the customers demand. In every field of life we using knowledge and putting efforts according to the demand or requirements which enable to create or modify new things, all this comes and close under the word technology. That may be engineering, information, management and information all comes under words technology. [5]
In present era the development of high speed processors made easier for the software developers to develop high quality software’s and tools. These high quality software and tools made it possible to develop new and advance complex heterogeneous hardware’s. There are different type of technologies which move around the CCTV technology among them some are discussed as under.
2.3.1 CCTV Next Generation Network
In the present era the future trend in CCTV technology are going to change with development of new technologies and services. In next generation the CCTV technology played a vital role with respect to its usage in different fields of life. It said to be the next generation of CCTV technology start in mid 90 when digital video recorder (DVR) took the place of old tape drive recorders. This new technology is based on high power dual or quad core multi processor computer in which forward, rewind and data access of any time gape is very fast. In these computers images are saved on computer hard drives instead of Tape in digital format. This new technology assembles in a digital box which is called digital video recorder (DVR). DVR has itself built in many features like it stamped date & time which enables easy access of patch of recording, can transfer and create multi copies of saved data and also monitor live images on remote location through internet. The live video stream recorded is coloured, clear, fine and also takes less space to save space of hard drives which increase performance of DVR’s.
Fig 5 shows below the remote location viewing and recording of live image through internet.
Fig-5.
2.3.2 Internet Technologies
The new merging technology in the CCTV technology is internet technology when analogue signal converted into digital signal which make it enable to view live images on LAN with by using specific internet protocol (IP) technology. These new technologies make it enable to view the CCTV live image other then CCTV monitors any here in the local area network. Later by using various switches, routers, gateways and servers make possible to merge this technology from local area network to wide area network (WAN). All these new inventions are based on CCTV IP technology.
2.3.3 CCTV and WAN Technologies
As compared to small or local area network (LAN) in wide area network (WAN) information travelling on longer distance and used a variety of logical and physical environment. In WAN technologies a variety of internet connections are used like ISDN, DSL, Wireless Broad Band, wireless 3G networks and Fibre Optics. Merging of CCTV images on WAN technologies make enable to get the full control remotely with many functions. [9]
2.3.4 New wave of Services (CCTV)
In order to satisfy customers and to full fill the needs technology upgrade very faster, at present new wave of services emerging to satisfy customers needs and to ensure quality services to compete the market trends. New software technologies with 3G networks are being used by next generation services driven by capacity intensive contents that are being delivered by them.
Despite of various contents sources, the common technology in all of these growing services is IP based technology. These IP based services like IPTV (for broadcast TV), VOD (Video on Demand), VOIP (Voice over IP), VPN (Virtual Private Network) are emerging technology services on internet protocol.[10]
2.4 Market Trends and Challenges in CCTV Technology
In the past few years when the price of communication technology are very high, CCTV network are locally base and development in this sector is also seems to be very slow. Normally CCTV network are locally based and they are monitored locally.
Huge changes are seen when the growth in consumption of broadband services increases and falling prices for bandwidth from service providers takes place. To full fill all future needs the service providers upgraded their existing network infrastructure into a newer form of network to provide quality services and minimise the operating cost.
In the developing era of communication and information technology a lot of structural changes are under development. As a result the classical telecomm networks are managed and implemented so that it can meet the market demand to transform specific data such as telephone or pure data packages.
In a limited time gap a lot of telecommunication companies are comes with better and more quality services, which leads to technological enhancement and market requirements to alter the traditional attitude of the telecommunication market. All these changes set boomed to telecommunication industry due to dramatic rise in broadband connections, various converged network and fully unified IP based networks.
To full fill the future demands of bandwidth consumption the development is continue and the existing network operators introducing new range of services on a single platform which merging the boundaries of fixed network, mobile network and data networks. The merging of these networks requires a Meta Infrastructure called core network these new core network based on basic internet protocol i.e. IP based network which is called Future Generation Network. [11]
2.5 Detailed Description of Next Generation Networks
The widely used term next generation network is used to support most modern networks their architecture and its technologies and services provided by telecommunication sector. Conventional Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) data, Voice Communication and Video Services are to be supported on the basis to next generation networks. These networks which carried information in the form of packet switched are known as internet networks.[7]
All the information which carried forward on internet networks are specifically marked on the basis of their type such as data, voice and video, and all the forward information are specifically based on quality of service and security mechanisms.[4]
All the data carried on internet network on specific layer are properly encrypted with regard to security due to its importance and more useful quality service.
2.6 Functional Architecture of Next Generation Network
Functional and architecture of next generation network are shown in diagram given below. The diagram shows various functions, their services and interfaces used for interaction of functions with each other. The media, control and management services provided to the functions are shown by three lines, as black, dotted black and
dotted blue line respectivly.
Fig-6.: Next Generation Network Functional Architecture overview
Source: VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland (2007).
In next generation networks, functions are separated and divided into transport and service layers due to their transport and service functionality. Different functions are used for connections of different interfaces in the next generation networks, like ender user functions are networks in which end user is connected with the network it also describe as user to network interface (UNI). The other interface in which network are connected to each other with their distinctive entities are called network to network interface (NNI). Finally for the implementation of third party applications, application network interface (ANI) is used. [7]
These functions with respect to their services are discussed as follows.
2.6.1 Transport Functions
In next generation network all component and physically separated functions are connected through the use of transport layer functions. It is the responsibility of IP protocol for the transportation of different functions. IP connectivity is to be supported to the end user equipment through the support of transport layer.[7]
As the basic functions of transport layer is to accept data from session layer and split into small packets if needed and send it to the user end and also make sure that the data reaches at the other end which is user end correctly and efficiently.
2.6.2 Access Functions
The access function is a sub function of transport functions in which transport layer make connectivity between the main data source and the end user. Access function is dependant on access technology which is supported by transport layer, and is used to manage end user access to the network sources. The access technologies are categorised into different connectivity media’s like cable access, DSL, wireless access, Ethernet technology etc. [7]
2.6.3 Access Transport Functions
Access transport functions lies in the category of transport function in transport layer. Through the access transport functions the information is to be carried or supported across the access network. It also deal with the quality of service control mechanisms such as buffer management, queuing, scheduling, packet filtering, traffic classification, marking, policing and traffic shaping having direct relation with user traffic.[7]
2.6.4 Edge Functions
Transport layer also supported to the edge functions and are responsible for traffic processing after merging of access traffic into core network. These functions through their own mechanism also have interaction with transport control functions.[7]
2.6.5 Core Transport Functions
In the transport layer it is the responsibility of core transport functions for the transportation of information. Through the interaction with transport control functions various parameters are used for the differentiation of quality of transport. It also handle the user traffic directly on the basis of quality of service mechanisms such as firewalls, gate control, buffer management, packet filtering queuing, scheduling, etc.[7]
2.6.6 Network Attachment Control Functions
Network attachment control function is a subcategory of transport control functions in transport layer. As it ensure the end user access through the provision of registration at access level. These functions are supportive for network level identification and authentication, managed IP address space of access network and authentication of access sessions. As a result these functions support end user equipments in registering and starting to use through the central point of services and application functions to the end users. [7]
2.6.7 Resource and Admission Control Functions
Under the admission control functions it authenticates or authorise the user profile, operator specific rules and resource availability. So network address, port translation control and management of different services are main functions of admission control.
With the help of these resources we can also able to manage packet filtering, traffic classification, bandwidth reservation and allocation. [7]
2.6.8 Gateway and Media Handling Function
Gateway and media control functions are used for interaction and transferring of data from one location to multiple locations on internet. Media control functions are java based which consist of SIP media server and media streaming components that was control by the SIP media server.[7]
Media control has two major components that combine to provide service. i.e. sessions and media control. Session control functions set a session of video signal between source and client and media control functions are responsible for the delivery of video data from source and client and also perform the storage functions at the client side.[12]
2.7 Service Functions
Service layer has two functions one is application functions and second is service control functions and providing different service respectively. In modern network technology all services are session base and non session base. The session base services like IP telephony, Video conferencing and non session based services are video streaming and broadcasting etc. [7]
The services functions are sub-divided into sub categories like service and control functions, service user profile functions and application functions etc.
2.7.1 Service and Control Function
The service control function involve in authorization and authentication in a registration of particular session at the session level. [7]
2.7.2 Application Functions
Application functions are sub function of service layer and providing different services. In service layer third party service providers use trusted or un-trusted application function for service layer capabilities. Application functions are required due to the open application programming interface (APIs) support in the future generation network. The third party service provider can create enhance services for future generation network on the basis of open APIs. [7]
2.7.3 Management Functions
Management functions ensure network management with additional functions of providing quality, security and reliability. These functions are provided to each functional entity interacting with different network element management, network management and service management functional entities [13][14].
2.7.4 End User Functions
End user functions and service control functions have direct relation with each other and to the application functions through user to network interface. All of latest technology equipments are supporting the most modern technologies of next generation. The end user equipments are categories into wired or wireless or can describe as mobile or fixed. [15]
CHAPTER - 3 & 4
References
Chapter 3
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